How to highlight the structure（如何突出结构）-金字塔原理
2024-11-25
How to highlight the structure
如何突出结构
Once you have worked out the logic of your pyramid and are ready to begin writing, you want to be sure you arrange your ideas on the page in a way that emphasizes the various divisions of thought. In doing so, you will naturally reflect the hierarchical structure of the pyramid, as shown in Exhibit 23.
一旦你理清了金字塔的逻辑并准备开始写作，你需要确保在页面上以一种能够突出不同思维层次的方法来组织你的想法。通过这种方式，你将自然反映出金字塔的层级结构，如图23所示。
You can reflect this hierarchy in a variety of ways, the most common of which are headings, underlined points, decimal numbering, and indented display. Feelings run high about which of these is the ‘best’ formatting device. I myself lean to the use of headings as described below. However, in deference to what are excellent reasons given by proponents of the others, I discuss them as well.
你可以通过多种方式反映这种层级结构，其中最常见的方式包括：标题、带下划线的要点、小数编号和缩进显示。对于哪种是“最优”格式工具，观点差异较大。我个人倾向于使用标题（如下所述）。然而，出于对其他支持者所提供的充分理由的尊重，我也会进行讨论。
Whichever format you choose, remember that your objective is to make comprehension easier for the reader. This means that the format must be applied properly to reflect the levels of abstraction in your argument. To give the desired appearance without the proper content can cause confusion. To this end, you want to make sure you thoroughly understand the rules before you begin application.
无论你选择哪种格式，都要记住，你的目标是让读者更容易理解。这意味着，格式的使用必须正确反映出论述中抽象的层次。仅仅追求外在形式而缺乏合适内容可能会引起混淆。为此，在开始应用之前，请确保你彻底理解了这些规则。
Headings
标题
Essentially, the technique is to place signs for increasingly subordinate ideas ever further to the right of the page (Exhibit 24). Thus, major ideas are capped with major section headings at the left-hand margin, divisions of these major ideas are capped with subsection headings, divisions of those with numbered paragraphs, and so on. Of course, the style of headings you choose need not necessarily follow this particular form, but whatever the form, each heading should represent a division of thought.
基本上，这种技术是将逐渐从属的想法标记向页面右侧排列（见图24）。因此，主要思想用位于左侧页边距的主要章节标题来标注，这些主要思想的细分则用子标题来标注，而更进一步的细分则用编号段落等来表示。当然，标题样式不一定需要遵循这种特定形式，但无论采用哪种形式，每个标题都应代表思想的划分。
Because your headings will represent divisions of thought, their use should reflect the relationships between the ideas inherent in the pyramid. To this end, you will want to take care that you:
由于标题表示的是思想的划分，其使用应反映出金字塔中内在思想之间的关系。为此，你需要注意以下几点：
图解标题层级
Exhibit 23
图表23：标题应反映思想划分
Title or Chapter Heading（标题或章节标题）
Major thought（主要思想）Subsection headings（子标题）
Dash points（短划点）
Numbered paragraphs（编号段落）
Section headings（章节标题）
标题的使用规则
Never use only one of any element.
不要单独使用任意一种元素。
Since the headings indicate levels of abstraction in the pyramid, you can never have only one item at each level. Thus, you can never have only one major section, or one subsection, or one numbered paragraph, or one dash point. Put more plainly, you shouldn’t just stick in a heading because you think it would look good on a page, the way newspapers and magazines do, to break up the printing. A heading is meant to call attention to the fact that the idea it represents is one of a group, all of which are needed to understand the overall thought they support.
由于标题表示金字塔中的抽象层次，因此每一级不能只有一个项目。换句话说，你不能只有一个主要部分、一个子部分、一个编号段落或一个短划点。简单来说，不要因为觉得某个标题能让页面更美观，就像报纸和杂志那样，把它随意插入。标题的意义在于提醒其代表的是一个群组中的一个想法，而理解整体思想需要该群组中的所有想法。Show parallel ideas in parallel form.
用平行形式呈现平行的想法。
Since all of the ideas in a group are the same kind of idea, you want to emphasize this sameness by using the same grammatical form for the wording of each heading, etc. Consequently, if the first idea in a group of major section headings begins with a verb, all the rest must as well; if the first idea in a group of subsection headings begins with an 'ing' word, so should all the others:
由于群组中的所有想法属于同一种类型，你需要通过使用一致的语法形式来强调这种一致性。因此，如果某一组主要部分标题的第一个想法以动词开头，其余的也必须如此；如果某一组子标题中的第一个想法以“-ing”形式的词开头，其余的也应如此：
Appoint a full-time Chief Executive
To coordinate activities
To effect improvements
Establish clear lines of authority
Regrouping hotels by support needs
Assigning responsibility for overseas operations
Removing Boards from the chain of command
As you can see, because the subsection headings in the first group begin with the word 'To' does not necessarily mean that those in the second group must do so as well. Remember that there are invisible fences imposed between the ideas in each major section. Thus, the parallelism to be emphasized is between ideas in the subsection group, not between groups of subsections.
正如你所见，第一个组的子标题以“to”开头，但这并不意味着第二组也必须如此。请记住，每个主要部分的想法之间存在看不见的界线。因此，平行性应在子组内的想法之间强调，而不是子组之间。
Limit the wording to the essence of the thought.
用最精简的措辞表达核心思想。
The headings are meant to remind, not to dominate. Thus, you want to make them as concise as possible. You would not want, for example, to make the first major section heading above read 'Appoint a full-time Chief Executive to provide clear central authority.'
标题的目的是提示，而非占主导地位。因此，你需要尽可能简洁。例如，你不会希望将上方的第一个主要部分标题改为“任命一位全职首席执行官以提供明确的核心权威”。Don’t regard headings as part of text.
不要将标题视为文本的一部分。
Headings are for the eye more than they are for the mind. As a result, they are not often read carefully, and you cannot depend on them to carry your message. Accordingly, you need to make sure that your opening sentence under a heading indicates that you are turning to a new topic. In fact, your entire document should be able to be read as a smooth-flowing piece without the headings. By the same token, you should never use the headings as part of the text.
标题更多是为视觉服务，而非为了逻辑。因此，标题通常不会被仔细阅读，你不能依赖它们来传递信息。因此，你需要确保标题下的第一句开头能够表明你正在转向新话题。实际上，即使没有标题，整篇文档也应能流畅阅读。同样，你不应该将标题当作正文的一部分来使用。
For example:
例如：
Appoint a full-time Chief Executive
This action will go far toward clarifying the day-to-day responsibilities of ...
任命一位全职首席执行官
此举将极大有助于理清日常职责的...
This rule, of course, does not apply to numbered paragraphs, which are meant to be read as part of the text.
当然，这一规则不适用于编号段落，因为它们本身就被视为正文的一部分。
5. Introduce each group of headings.
5. 为每组标题添加介绍
In doing so, you want to state the major point that the grouping will explain or defend, as well as the ideas to come. To omit this service is to present the reader with a mystery story, since he will then not be able to judge what the point is you are trying to make in that section until he gets to the end – and by then he may well have forgotten the beginning.
在这样做时，你需要陈述该组标题将要解释或论证的主要观点，以及随后的内容。如果省略这一介绍，等同于给读者提供一个“悬疑故事”，因为直到读完这一节的最后，他可能都无法判断你要表达的观点，而到那时，他或许已经忘记了开头的内容。
Exhibit 24 Examples of Headings
图表24 标题示例
1. THIS IS A CHAPTER HEADING
1. 这是章节标题
Chapter headings are numbered and centered, and should be worded to reflect the major thought to be developed in the chapter. The paragraphs immediately following a chapter heading (or title) should express the major idea clearly, as well as supply whatever other information the reader requires to ensure that you and he are ‘standing in the same place’ before you make your point and tell him how you plan to develop it. Subsequent chapter headings should be written in parallel style.
章节标题应该编号并居中，并通过措辞反映出本章将要展开的主要思想。章节标题后紧跟的段落应该清晰表达主要思想，并提供读者所需的任何其他信息，以确保在你阐述观点和说明发展计划之前，你与读者处于“相同的认知起点”。后续的章节标题应采用一致的平行形式。
The major divisions of thought you plan to have may be set out with paragraph points or some other distinguishing mark:
你计划使用的主要思想划分可以通过段落要点或其他标记列出：
First major thought to come.
第二主要思想的内容。
THIS IS A SECTION HEADING
这是章节小标题
The wording of section headings should also reflect the idea to be developed in the section to follow, and the wording of the first should parallel that of the others. A section can be further divided either into subsections or, if the points are short, into numbered paragraphs. The principal ideas of the subsections should be introduced and may be set off with paragraph points:
章节小标题的措辞同样应反映随后的内容展开的主题，其首句的措辞应与其他标题一致。一个章节可以进一步划分为子章节，或者如果观点较短，可以使用编号段落。子章节的主要思想应该有所介绍，并可以通过段落要点突出：
First subthought to come.
第二子思想的内容。
This is a Subsection Heading
这是子章节标题
These, too, should be worded to reflect the principal thoughts they cover, and expressed in parallel style. If you wish further to divide the thought in a subsection, you can use numbered paragraphs.
子章节标题同样需要通过措辞反映其涵盖的主要思想，并以平行风格表达。如果需要进一步细分子章节中的内容，可以使用编号段落。
1. This is a numbered paragraph.
1. 这是一个编号段落。
The first sentence or opening phrase can be underlined to highlight the similarity of the points being numbered. The point to be made may require more than one paragraph, but you should try to limit the development of the point to three paragraphs.
首句或开头短语可以加下划线以强调编号点的相似性。所要表达的内容可能需要超过一个段落，但应尽量将论述限制在三个段落以内。
This is a dash-point paragraph, which is used to divide the thought in a numbered paragraph
这是一段短划分段，用来划分编号段落中的思想You seldom break an idea down as far as dash-points but when you do it looks like this.
你很少会细分到短划分段，但如果需要，它看起来会是这样的形式。
6. Don’t overdo.
6. 不要过度使用标题。
This is perhaps the most important rule of all. You want to use headings only if they are going to clarify your meaning – if they are going to make it easier for the reader to keep the subdivisions of your thought in his head. Often it is not necessary or useful to have any divisions below the major section headings.
这可能是最重要的一条规则。只有当标题能够澄清你的意思时，才使用它们——也就是说，当它们能够让读者更容易记住你的思想的子分类时再使用它们。通常，在主要章节标题以下不需要再有额外的划分。
If you formulate your headings properly, they will stand in the table of contents as a precis of your report – another extremely useful device for the reader in trying to come to terms with your thinking.
如果你的标题设计得当，它们将出现在目录中，作为你报告摘要的体现——这对于帮助读者理解你的思路非常有用。
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